Livestock grazing ‘vital’ to preserve uplands

Hill Farm, Arkengarthdale - Yorkshire Post

This may be another case of science being used to re-state the blindingly obvious, but all the same it helps to have the concept of the dependence of the uplands on grazing management restated.  The Yorkshire Post article provides a description of the work carried out over 10 years by researchers from the Universities of Hull and Aberdeen and the James Hutton Institute.

The article acknowledges that "these unique habitats have evolved as a result of traditional farming practices and abandoning such areas would have a huge impact on the internationally important plants and animals that live there."  It is comforting that this research applies common sense and avoids the trap of falling into the arms of the re-wilding lobby, which promotes the view that nature is best left to look after itself.  I think there is a need to be careful what you wish for; the natural balance without management is likely to look very different.

Management has shaped our hills, moorlands and uplands and therefore the owners and managers have an input into how these areas look and the services they provide.  I agree with the view that mixed livestock grazing at the right intensity is vital for the correct management and preservation of our uplands.

Peak District Heather Beetle Restoration Trial

The best treatment for heather following damage by heather beetle has long been a topic that has produced much debate, and this trial hopes to provide land managers with the best, up to date information to enable them to respond to outbreaks of beetle in the most effective way.

During the winter of 2012, the Heather Trust set up a scientific study on two estates, Combs Moss and Crag Estate, in the Derbyshire Peak District to explore the effects of different management techniques on heather, which had been damaged by major heather beetle outbreaks in the summer of 2012. Penny Anderson Associates are carrying out an ecological survey of the recovering heather following the beetle damage.

Three plots of damaged heather were marked out on different parts of each moor and the plots were cut, or burnt and the third plot was left without treatment to act as a control.

At Combs Moss, concerns were raised in the project’s planning stages that the heather seed bank was being exhausted by attempts to replace heather killed by the beetle attack during a continuous series of outbreaks of heather beetle. This might influence the ability of the heather to regenerate, and to quantify the problem, a separate piece of work has been carried out on Combs Moss to over-seed some areas of heather damaged by beetle with heather seed. Monitoring the regeneration of the heather and comparing this with the plots included in the main project will provide an indication of the level of depletion of natural heather seed as a result of a series of heather beetle outbreaks.

The most recent survey information has just been made available and this covers the changes to the vegetation up to July 2014. Although the project runs until 2018, the monitoring is starting to pick up some interesting differences between the two estates:

Crag Estate

• Burning “beetled” heather in the spring after the damage occurred produced the highest percentage of regenerating heather cover; 
• Burning produced more new heather seedlings than cutting; and
• The control plot has shown almost a 50% loss of heather cover in the same period.

Combs Moss

• The results are much less conclusive; 
• The ground is much wetter and it appears to have been subject to a cycle of recurring beetle damage for several years prior to the start of the study; 
• While some over-seeded plots have showed healthy burst regeneration of heather seedlings, others have made little progress.

It is too early to draw any definite conclusions from this work, but early indications suggest that the best way of restoring young, heather dominant vegetation is by burning the damaged heather after the beetle attack. Given that regeneration from cutting is traditionally somewhat slower, the next phase of monitoring will inform a more in-depth discussion on the relative merits of each treatment.

The results of this work will supplement the similar work that is taking place on Langholm that is due to complete in 2015.

I am grateful for the support for this work from the landowners in the Peak District and at Langholm. SNH provided some pump-priming funding at the start of the Langholm Project and I am hoping for some further support to help complete the work. Natural England provided support at the start of the work in the Peak District, but the rest of the funding has been provided by the Trust.

Members’ Briefing - Heather Management

I have been aware of a shift in the balance between heather management by burning and cutting in recent years, and I believe that the amount of management taking place by cutting is increasing. On some moors managers have gone the whole hog and have started to manage their heather by cutting only. The decision not to burn may have been taken for a range of reasons, such as water catchment restrictions, concerns about damage to peatland, lack of manpower or even personal preference.

As a result of this change, I thought it was more than appropriate that we carried out a review of some of the developments in thinking from a Heather Trust standpoint. Patrick Laurie has been working on this for two years and has been to visit many areas where this new thinking is developing. He has collected a large amount of information and we have decided to start publishing this.

The first step is a Members’ Briefing, which is now available from the Reading Room on the HT website. Although it is called a Members’ Briefing, we make this available to everyone and hope that anyone who is not already a member will take the appropriate action if they value the information this briefing contains.

There is much more to be done on this subject and Patrick and I will be working on this.  We will publish more information from time to time.

It is clear that many people feel passionate about their heather management, and we accept that our briefing may challenge some sensitivities. However, before anyone accuses us of going over to the dark side, you should note that we start the Members Briefing with a statement in support of heather burning, but we are keen to explore all the ways to manage heather to make sure that we use the available tools, to the best advantage.

If you agree, or disagree, with our thinking, we would be delighted to hear from you. Please use the comment box below.

Northern Ireland: Heather Burning & Bracken Control II

Good to see that the interest in bracken control and prescribed burning in Northern Ireland that was in evidence in the meeting last month was repeated at a second event. See the report in Farming Life.

The active involvement of the NI Fire & Rescue Service in these discussions is encouraging. Prescribed burning should be seen as a way to reduce the risk of damage from wildfire and therefore reducing the NIFRS' exposure to wildfire.

I am pleased to have been invited to help with a wildfire event in Northern Ireland, next month, and I look forward to working with NIFRS. I will put more details on the Blog, in due course.

Scotland: Rule changes for farm and forestry tracks

Scottish Land & Estates has published a useful summary of the new regulations that apply when constructing or upgrading farm and forestry tracks.  This work remains as "permitted development" but it is now subject to conditions and prior notification to the planning authority to establish whether approval is required for the proposed work.

Golden Plover Award in the Press

See the article published in the Deeside Piper today, which describes the success of the Finzean Estate last year and reiterates the challenge to the owners and managers of moorland in Scotland, with a peatland interest, to come up with a worthy successor to Finzean for the 2015 Award.

"Applications for the 2015 award are welcomed from any owner or manager of land in any part of Scotland who can demonstrate a real commitment to sustainable moorland or upland management. Applications from the more remote parts of Scotland are encouraged , as are applications from individuals.

The Golden Plover is not just an award for estates.

The theme for the award is peatland management and restoration; applicants will be expected to demonstrate how they are managing their peatland to improve its condition.

Application forms are available to download from the GWCT and Heather Trust websites.

The deadline for applications for 2015 is Friday, 27 February."

For more details see the Award's website: www.goldenploveraward.co.uk

Upland farmers face biggest shake up in a generation

Photo: Yorkshire Post

See the article in The Yorkshire Post that describes the stark choices facing upland farmers as incomes are expected to dip when the new EU payments (including the agri-environment scheme, to be called Countryside Stewardship) come into effect.

The importance of grazing management in our uplands cannot be over-emphasised, but farmers need to be able to make a living from these areas if they are to stay in business and manage the uplands the way that they know best.

Golden Plover Award in the Scotsman

See the article published in The Scotsman today to see what others are saying about this award.

As a reminder, the closing date for applications is 27 February and full details about the award and the application forms are on the Award's website.

The Golden Plover Award - update

After last year’s huge success, The Golden Plover Award for Moorland Management is now seeking applicants for the Award in 2015. 

The annual Award is jointly presented by the Heather Trust and GWCT Scotland in order to promote and celebrate the very best in sustainable, integrated moorland management for a number of outcomes, including sport, conservation, recreation and agriculture. This year’s Award will focus particularly on peatland conservation, helping to highlight this crucial and developing area of upland management.  

In 2014, Savills sponsored the award and laid on an impressive award ceremony at the Scottish Game Fair, where the presentation was made by the former Heather Trust chairman, Malcolm Hay.  I am delighted that Savills are also sponsoring the 2015 award and the award ceremony, which will take place at the Scottish Game Fair on Friday, 3 July. 

Anyone can enter the Award, from farms and estates to individuals and syndicates, and we hope that the application process will attract a wide range of people from across Scotland. Much more information on the Award and its background can be found in the dedicated website for the Award, where application forms are also available to download and complete. 

The closing date for applications is 27 February, after which the judges will consider the applications to narrow down the field to three candidates, which will be visited during the Spring.

Northern Ireland: Heather Burning & Bracken Control

The DAB Farmers Group and the Ulster Farmers Union organised a meeting to discuss heather burning and bracken control, both key topics for hill farmers, with speakers from NI Fire Service and the NI Environment Agency.  The NIEA commented on the bracken control trails, a comparison of the effectiveness of different control techniques, that I visited last November.

The good turnout for a meeting to discuss these two issues, which are at the core of the Trust's work, is encouraging.  I hope to be invited back to NI, this year, to provide some input that will draw on our experience of working elsewhere.

See the full report in Farming Life.

Wales: Fairness for the Uplands - now an official group

Fairness for the Uplands (F4U) was established last year as a campaigning group to oppose low moorland payments proposed by Welsh ministers as part of the new Basic Payment Scheme (BPS).

In December, last year, the self-funded group won a legal victory over the Welsh Government which forced ministers back to the BPS drawing board.  See the full article in The Daily Post, which has links to related stories.

F4U aims to support upland farmers in Wales who feel “under-represented by existing farming groups" and it has now been formed as an official group and wants to carry on representing hill farmers on a variety of upland and rural issues.

Uplands Farming Conference - Skipton - 5 February 2015

Photo: The Journal

The NFU and EBLEX are joining forces to stage the first Northern Uplands Conference. 

The half-day event, sponsored by HSBC, is being organised against the backdrop of shrinking budgets for both pillars of the Common Agricultural Policy, affecting direct payments and agri-environment programmes.

For more details, see the full report in The Journal.

Monday: Perth - Moorland Forum Meeting

Today I headed north to Perth to attend the commissioning meeting for the Moorland Forum's Understanding Predation Project.  This project has had a long gestation, over 18 months, and it was a great relief that we have finally got to the start of this important work.

I am the project manager for the project, which has a budget of £220,000, and is due for completion at the end of January 2016.  The work started with a request from the Scottish Minister for Environment, early in 2013, and SNH has developed the concept with the Moorland Forum team.  The work will revise the Predatory Birds Report that the Forum published in 2005, but in addition we will integrate local knowledge into the findings.  Local workshops will be used at the start of the project to  gather views and seminars will be held at the end of the work to allow discussion of the findings.  It is likely that this work will provide some considerable challenges and we will need to make sure that those, from any walk of life, who have an interest in the issues are given a chance to contribute to the work and learn about the findings at first hand.  No pressure then!

There will be more about this project in the next day or so on the Moorland Forum website and the blog that I am setting up for the project.  If the issues are of interest, please feel free to get involved.

Friday: Edinburgh - HT Board Meeting

The final leg of the week took me from Boat of Garten to Edinburgh through a snow covered Aviemore.  There was some doubt about trains running to time, but they ran perfectly.

The HT Board meeting was held in the salubrious surroundings of the New Club, from a room which has an unimpeded, magnificent view of Edinburgh Castle.

The Board members rattled through a busy agenda.  I presented a summary of activity since the last meeting and we agreed plans for 2015.  It looks like being a very busy year with work being spread across England and Scotland.  Also, there is hope that my recent visit to Northern Ireland has re-kindled some good links; it is a part of the UK where the Trust's message could have some beneficial impact, and it is very close to our base in Dumfries.

For 2015, the Board agreed that I should continue to focus the Trust's efforts on five areas of work: heather management, heather beetle, bracken control, Scotland's Moorland Forum and peatlands.  In addition, Patrick Laurie and Sam Harrison will be running the Country Market & Sporting Sale, which will close at 12:00 on 1 May 2015.  In addition to backing me up, Anne Stoddart will be producing the Annual Report in August, and Clara Jackson who will be managing members and their subscriptions.

Thursday: Scotland - Cairngorms National Park

Talk of weather bombs across Scotland does not deter the Heather Trust, but on arrival, Boat of Garten looked much like this.  However, I reached my objective of The Boat Hotel, in time for a good breakfast.

I passed the day profitably and I was ready for a meeting with the Board of the Cairngorms National Park Authority, in the evening.  The Board is discussing a moorland paper tomorrow, and I had been invited, with others, to express my view of the issues.

The Board is considering a key issue of how to develop the management of the moorland area in the Park in the face of criticism about over-intensive grouse moor management, raptor persecution and bad muirburn practice.  It is a big task, as about 44% of the Park's area is under moorland management.  The Board recognises that the management of moorland fulfils an essential role, but part of the land use planning in the Park is to increase the area of woodland and montane scrub, and it is inevitable that this will put pressure on open moorland.

I expressed my opinion that the Park Authority must be prepared to lead the way in moorland management and suggested that the establishment of demonstration sites would provide an opportunity to show leadership.  I think that these sites would provide a platform for discussion that would be an effective way to introduce ideas to those who own and manage the land, with a view to gaining their support for the various initiatives within the Park.

One day I hope that my advocacy for demonstration sites will bear some fruit, as I think it is a very effective method to establish links, defuse lash points and influence management practices.

Wednesday: London - Upland Stakeholder Meeting

This was a day that I got some train miles under my belt.  The first leg was Dumfries to London and this was followed by catching the sleeper to Aviemore.

The draw of London was the Upland Stakeholder Forum meeting that is run by Defra.  It has been going about three years and is getting into its stride.  The role that is developing for this Forum is to provide a strategic framework for all upland issues.  However, the Group highlighted that the most important function for Defra is to show leadership and give direction to the discussions about the many and varied upland issues.

Lord de Mauley, the Defra Minister attended part of the meeting to hear at first hand about some of the issues.

We discussed the formation of the Uplands Alliance, and how a reformed Best Practice Burning Group might relate to the USF as a Best practice Group to represent the views and experience of practitioners.  The Group also discussed the proposal for Defra to facilitate a large application for LIFE funds (~£100m) to deliver improvements in peatland management across the UK over a 10 year period.  I am impressed by the scale of this thinking and it is exactly the sort of work that Defra should be tackling to show leadership.

The Forum also allows an opportunity for members to share ideas and news of up and coming events.  Topics included CAP Reform, the Defra sponsored Hen Harrier initiative, and Natural England's Upland Outcomes Framework.  Some of this falls well short of being riveting but the Forum provides a useful opportunity to air this sort of information.

Tuesday: Bog-athon Cumbria

Today was not an ideal day for this, but a hardy team assembled above Mosedale on the east side of the Lake District to take on the worst that the weather could throw at us. In this area, the blanket peat sits on top of the fell and that was where we had to go.  The photo says it all!

This was the final planned Bog-athon visit.  The visits have served to move debate forward and demonstrate that, correctly applied, the Outcomes Approach being introduced by Natural England has value. It is a way of thinking, not a solution in itself, and involves in reaching a consensus about to objectives for the management of the area.  Extending the coverage to include Exmoor and the Lake District was well worth the effort.  If nothing else, these last two visits have served to emphasise how parts of the uplands can be so different, and how a 'one size fits all' approach to their management is a complete non-starter.

Today, grazing was the only management available, or required, for the area of (very wet) deep peat that we looked at, but it must be recognised that it is a delicate balance to maintain the appropriate levels of grazing while providing the farms with enough income to survive.  Also, it was clear that large commons require a large amount of staff input from Natural England to get them into grant schemes and then support the scheme through its life.  The Outcomes Approach that has been at the core of Bog-athon maybe desirable, but there is a question mark over whether NE has the resources to implement it fully.  

Monday: England - Best Practice Burning Group

I was chairman for the 38th meeting of this Group, yesterday, but we could possibly be nearing the end of this long run.  I was a founder member of the Group way back in 2003, when we were all a lot younger.  One of the highlights of the Group's work was the success of the advice provided to Defra about the review of the Heather & Grass Burning Code, and the regulations behind it, that was launched in 2007.  The Group has made a lot of progress, but maybe it is time for a change.

A suggestion was discussed for the Group to reform as an Uplands Best Practice Group that will provide practitioner input to Defra's Upland Stakeholder Forum, which is now gathering momentum. In the new guise the Group would be better able to provide practitioner input to debates beyond burning, and it was noticeable yesterday that much of the discussion was about peatland management, springing from the Outcomes discussions focussed on the 'Bog-athon' process. See the previous post.  If this change goes ahead, the Group is likely to establish small task groups to address specific topics and these could include issues around burning.

The Uplands Alliance is also in the development stage and it appears that its work will focus principally on research and policy issues.  Some clear thinking will be required to make sure that all the groups work together efficiently and effectively so that we avoid any hint of duplication and serve the best interests of the uplands.

Friday: Bog-Athon Exmoor

What, no heather?

Much though the term 'Bog-athon' is overused, it is the easiest way to describe the purpose of the visit to Exmoor, last Friday.  The aim was to bring a moor in the south-west England, into the Bog-athon process, and link to the other work that was carried out in June.

Bog-Athon is a manifestation of the new engagement process being adopted by Natural England.  This provides for early consultation with the owners and managers of the land and is a much healthier process. I welcome this change and wish to encourage this development.  This is why I was happy to travel to Exmoor and take part in the visit with Natural England.  I was also able to use the is it to catch up on the progress of the Graze the Moor project on Molland Moor, that I am running.

During the visit we looked at the peatland restoration work being carried out as part of the Mires Project and discussed other management work.  It served as a reminder that the balance of upland issues is different on Exmoor in the south-west.  We were also able to brief members of the Moorland Initiative Board of the Exmoor National Park Authority in the afternoon.

Grouse shooting - benefits

As the grouse shooting season draws to a close, The British Association for Shooting and Conservation (BASC) and the Moorland Association have highlighted the key facts about the value of grouse shooting and the benefit it brings for the economy and the environment.  

This information has been sent to all MPs:

• Heather moorland is rarer than rainforest and 75 per cent of it is found in Britain because of grouse moor management.
• Grouse shooting in England, Wales and Scotland supports conservation work and is worth an estimated £100 million a year.
• Grouse shooting in England, Wales and Scotland supports the equivalent of more than 2,500 jobs.
• Conservation for grouse shooting is landscape-scale management.
• 79 per cent of upland EU Special Protection Areas are managed as grouse moors and up to five times more threatened wading birds are supported on moors managed by gamekeepers.

And for those who prefer their facts in pictures, the buzzword is 'infographic'.